With the intensifying global aging population and the high incidence of musculoskeletal diseases, the adaptability limitations of traditional standardized orthopedic implants have become increasingly prominent, driving an urgent demand for personalized solutions under the precision medicine paradigm. Relying on medical imaging-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, personalized design optimization, multi-material adaptation, and precise molding processes, 3D printing technology has transformed orthopedic implants from a "general-purpose" to a "special-purpose" paradigm, enabling the fabrication of implants, surgical guides, and anatomical models that precisely match patients' anatomical structures and mechanical requirements. This technology has been widely applied in joint replacement, spinal surgery, bone tumor repair, trauma orthopedics, and ligament reconstruction, significantly improving surgical precision, efficiency, and functional outcomes. However, its large-scale clinical application still faces challenges, including insufficient technical reliability, high time and economic costs, and imperfect medical regulatory oversight and interdisciplinary collaboration. In the future, with the deep integration of artificial intelligence and the development of 4D printing technology, 3D-printed orthopedic implants are expected to evolve towards self-adaptive and intelligent directions, providing more comprehensive solutions for personalized orthopedic medicine and driving innovation in diagnostic and treatment paradigms.