Brain abscess is a localized suppurative infection within the cranial cavity. Although its incidence is low, it is a critical condition associated with high mortality and disability rates. The widespread application of CT, MRI, and molecular pathogen detection has revolutionized its diagnostic paradigm, Nevertheless,, clinical management still faces challenges such as shifting epidemiological characteristics and poor long-term functional outcomes. As a complex clinical syndrome, the treatment strategy for brain abscess should be tailored to pathogen characteristics, host immune status, and individual patient differences, adopting a comprehensive intervention approach that integrates multidisciplinary collaboration, minimally invasive neurosurgery, and targeted antimicrobial strategies. With continuous advances in imaging and molecular diagnostic technologies, along with the deepening adoption of individualized treatment concepts, the diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess are expected to further improve, thereby reducing mortality and improving long-term prognosis. This article aims to provide a systematic review of research progress on the epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, treatment strategies, and long-term prognostic management of brain abscess.