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中华临床医师杂志(电子版) ›› 2024, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (10) : 949 -954. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2024.10.011

综述

布鲁氏病菌临床实验室诊断技术应用研究进展
付薪静1, 穆耶赛尔·艾尼娃尔1, 赵帆2, 胡守奎3,()   
  1. 1.830011 乌鲁木齐,新疆医科大学第二附属医院检验科
    2.100144 北京,北京大学首钢医院检验科
    3.450007 郑州,郑州大学附属郑州中心医院检验科
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17 出版日期:2024-10-15
  • 通信作者: 胡守奎
  • 基金资助:
    首都卫生发展科研专项基金(2022-2-6042)

Progress in applied laboratory diagnostic techniques for brucellosis

Xinjing Fu1, Yesaier·Ainiwaer Mu1, Fan Zhao2, Shoukui Hu3,()   

  1. 1.Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
    2.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shougang Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100144, China
    3.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
  • Received:2024-10-17 Published:2024-10-15
  • Corresponding author: Shoukui Hu
引用本文:

付薪静, 穆耶赛尔·艾尼娃尔, 赵帆, 胡守奎. 布鲁氏病菌临床实验室诊断技术应用研究进展[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(10): 949-954.

Xinjing Fu, Yesaier·Ainiwaer Mu, Fan Zhao, Shoukui Hu. Progress in applied laboratory diagnostic techniques for brucellosis[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(10): 949-954.

布鲁氏病菌是由布鲁氏菌引起的急性或慢性人畜共患传染病。该病属自然疫源性疾病,传染性强,且在世界各地分布广泛。全世界每年报道布病的病例超过50 万例,严重威胁着人们的生命健康。世界上每年因该病造成的直接经济损失逾30 亿美元。鉴于布病的巨大危害性,且存在临床不典型性、无特异性、极易复发等特征,及时开展灵敏、准确及具有特异性的实验室检测对于该病的诊断尤为迫切和重要。本文对现有实验室常用诊断方法及近年来随着分子生物学及生信技术发展而新兴的诊断方法进行综述,以期为布病的实验室诊断提供理论参考和技术支撑。

Brucellosis is an acute or chronic zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella.This disease is a natural focal disease with strong infectivity and is widely distributed around the world.More than 500000 cases of brucellosis are reported worldwide every year, seriously threatening people's lives and health.The direct economic loss caused by this disease exceeds 3 billion US dollars every year.In view of the great harmfulness of brucellosis and its characteristics of lack of typical clinical symptoms, non-specificity,and easy recurrence, timely carrying out sensitive, accurate, and specific laboratory tests is particularly urgent and important for the diagnosis of this disease.This paper reviews the common diagnostic methods used in existing laboratories and the emerging diagnostic methods with the development of biomolecular biology and bioinformatics technology in recent years, in order to provide theoretical reference and technical support for the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis.

表1 布鲁氏菌病实验室诊断的三种常用诊断试验类型对比
分类 实验名称 检出率 检测时长 优点 缺点 适用范围 标本类型
细菌学技术 分离培养 较低 7~15 d 金标准,可具体分型 操作要求条件高,生物危险程度高 急性菌血症时期的患者;可鉴定种属 血液、骨髓、体液、炎性病灶渗出液等
RBPT 较高 5 min 操作简单,价格低廉。 特异性较差,易出现假阳性 大批量初筛 血清
SAT 较高 24 h 检测IgM 的敏感性高 易出现假阴性,存在交叉反应 实验室确诊试验之一,适用于急性病例 血清
血清学技术 ELISA 较高 3~4 h 通量大,可自动化 特异性差 基层临床实验室大批量筛查,多于RBPT 并联诊断。 血清
CFT 较高 24 h 特异性强 步骤繁琐,操作复杂 畜牧业应用较多,较少用于人血清 血清
Coombs 较高 24 h 灵敏度和特异性均较好 操作复杂、耗时长 实验室确诊试验之一,多用于慢性病例 血清
GICA 较高 30 min 操作简单,结果易于判定 GICA 试剂盒较多,不能标化抗体水平 现场快速筛查 血清
FPA 较高 5~10 min 快速简便、成本低,所需的样本量极少 设备较贵 野外样本的检疫和筛查工作 血清
PCR 2~4 h 最低检出限低,灵敏度高 人员设备要求均较高 种型鉴定 血清、尿液、脑脊液、胸膜液等
分子生物学技术 LAMP 50~70 min 最低限度低,操作简单 易受到污染 基层实验室筛查 血清
MCDA 50~70 min 最低检出限低,判读直观 报道较少,未广泛应用 潜在的快速检测方法 全血,血清
NGS 7~14 d 准确度高,可细致到基因型的鉴定 价格昂贵 流行病学调查溯源传播链及科研 血清、脑脊液、胸膜液等
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