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中华临床医师杂志(电子版) ›› 2021, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (06) : 450 -458. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2021.06.009

调查研究

北京十家社区40岁及以上居民吸烟、二手烟暴露与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的关系
赵璨1, 孙培培1, 张二明1, 安欣华2, 马石头2, 刘力勇2, 向平超1,()   
  1. 1. 100144 北京,北京大学首钢医院呼吸与危重症医学科
    2. 100043 北京,北京市石景山区疾病预防控制中心
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-20 出版日期:2021-06-15
  • 通信作者: 向平超

Association of smoking and second-hand smoking with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents aged 40 years or above in 10 communities of Beijing City

Can Zhao1, Peipei Sun1, Erming Zhang1, Xinhua An2, Shitou Ma2, Liyong Liu2, Pingchao Xiang1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
    2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shijingshan District, Beijing 100043, China
  • Received:2021-04-20 Published:2021-06-15
  • Corresponding author: Pingchao Xiang
引用本文:

赵璨, 孙培培, 张二明, 安欣华, 马石头, 刘力勇, 向平超. 北京十家社区40岁及以上居民吸烟、二手烟暴露与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的关系[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(06): 450-458.

Can Zhao, Peipei Sun, Erming Zhang, Xinhua An, Shitou Ma, Liyong Liu, Pingchao Xiang. Association of smoking and second-hand smoking with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents aged 40 years or above in 10 communities of Beijing City[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2021, 15(06): 450-458.

目的

研究北京市石景山区10家社区40岁及以上居民吸烟、二手烟暴露与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(以下简称“慢阻肺”)的关系。

方法

采用随机抽样方法对北京市石景山区10家社区40岁及以上居民进行调查问卷、身体测量及吸入支气管舒张药物前后肺功能检查等,对获得的数据进行统计学分析。

结果

共有4096名监测对象被纳入最终研究,总体慢阻肺患病率为10.2%(95%CI:9.2~11.1),吸烟人群慢阻肺的患病率(15.8%,95%CI:13.9~17.7)明显高于非吸烟人群(7.2%,95%CI:6.2~8.2),且男性患病率(16.6%,95%CI:14.6~18.6)高于女性(8.3%,95%CI:3.8~12.9)。工作环境中接触二手烟的男性慢阻肺患病率(10.6%,95%CI:6.7~14.4)高于工作中无二手烟接触者(6.1%,95%CI:3.6~8.5)。与不吸烟的慢阻肺患者相比,曾经吸烟或现在吸烟的慢阻肺患者出现症状的比率较高,且肺功能较差。调整相关因素后,相对于从不吸烟者,男性人群中过去吸烟者(OR=9.242,95%CI:6.406~13.332,P<0.001)和现在吸烟者(OR=1.672,95%CI:1.476~1.949,P=0.024)发生慢阻肺的风险增加,女性人群中过去吸烟者患慢阻肺的风险也显著增加(OR=1.167,95%CI:1.081~1.344,P<0.001);相对于无二手烟暴露者,女性暴露于二手烟环境发生慢阻肺的风险增加(OR=1.442,95%CI:1.190~1.787,P=0.027)。

结论

北京市石景山区10家社区40岁及以上居民慢阻肺患病率偏高,吸烟是慢阻肺的主要危险因素,且吸烟、二手烟暴露对慢阻肺患者的症状和肺功能亦有影响,控烟戒烟仍是慢阻肺防控的重中之重。

Objective

To investigate the association of smoking and second-hand smoking with the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among residents aged 40 years or above in 10 communities in Shijingshan District of Beijing City.

Methods

This study made a survey of the residents aged 40 years or above in 10 communities of Shijingshan District by random sampling method. Questionnaire survey, physical measurement, and pulmonary function examination before and after bronchodilator use were conducted in all subjects. The data were analyzed statistically.

Results

A total of 4096 participants had reliable post-bronchodilator results and were included in the final analysis, the overall prevalence of COPD was 10.2% (95%CI: 9.2-11.1). The prevalence of COPD was significantly higher in smokers (15.8%, 95%CI: 13.9-17.7) than in non-smokers (7.2%, 95%CI: 6.2-8.2), and in men (16.6%, 95%CI: 14.6-18.6) than in women (8.3%, 95%CI: 3.8-12.9). The prevalence of COPD in men exposed to second-hand smoking in work environment (10.6%, 95%CI: 6.7-14.4) was higher than that of men without exposure (6.1%, 95%CI: 3.6-8.5). Compared to COPD patients who never smoked, both former and current smokers had a higher incidence of symptoms and poorer lung function. After adjusting for the related factors, compared with non-smokers, the prevalence of COPD among former smokers (OR=9.242, 95%CI: 6.406-13.332, P<0.001) and current smokers (OR=1.672, 95%CI: 1.476-1.949, P=0.024) in male participants were higher, and the prevalence among former smokers in female participants also increased significantly (OR=1.167, 95%CI: 1.081-1.344, P<0.001). The prevalence of COPD was higher in female exposed to second-hand smoking than in those without (OR=1.442, 95%CI: 1.190-1.787, P=0.027).

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of COPD in Shijingshan residents aged 40 years or above. Smoking is the main risk factor for COPD. Smoking and second-hand smoking also affects the symptoms and lung function of COPD patients. Smoking control is still the top priority of COPD prevention and control.

表1 北京市石景山区10家社区4096名居民基本情况
项目 合计(4096名) 男性(1886名) 女性(2210名)
年龄(岁,
x¯
±s)
60.70±11.44 60.35±11.53 60.99±11.34
体质量指数(kg/m2
x¯
±s)
25.37±5.60 25.65±7.08 25.14±3.86
教育水平[%(95%CI)]

小学或更低

8.6(7.8~9.5) 5.7(4.7~6.8) 11.1(9.8~12.4)

中学

65.5(64.0~66.9) 64.2(62.0~66.3) 66.6(64.6~68.6)

大学或更高水平

25.9(24.6~27.2) 30.1(28.0~32.2) 22.3(20.6~24.0)
合并基础疾病[%(95%CI)]

幼时支气管炎/肺炎史病史

8.7(7.9~9.6) 8.3(7.1~9.6) 9.0(7.9~10.2)

幼时慢性咳嗽

5.3(4.7~6.0) 4.1(3.2~5.0) 6.4(5.4~7.4)

高血压

39.1(37.6~40.6) 39.1(36.9~41.3) 39.1(37.1~41.2)

冠心病

16.8(15.7~18.0) 17.4(15.7~19.1) 16.4(14.9~17.9)

糖尿病

18.9(17.7~20.1) 18.7(17.0~20.5) 19.1(17.5~20.8)
吸烟[%(95%CI)]

从不吸烟

65.3(63.8~66.8) 32.3(30.2~34.4) 93.5(92.5~94.5)

曾经吸烟

11.8(10.8~12.8) 23.3(21.4~25.2) 1.9(1.4~2.5)

现在吸烟

22.9(21.6~24.2) 44.4(42.2~46.7) 4.6(3.7~5.4)
吸烟指数[%(95%CI)]

0

65.3(63.8~66.8) 32.3(30.2~34.4) 93.5(92.5~94.5)

1~9包年

8.4(7.6~9.3) 14.3(12.7~15.9) 3.4(2.7~4.2)

10~19包年

7.9(7.1~8.7) 15.4(13.7~17.0) 1.5(1.0~2.0)

≥20包年

18.4(17.2~19.5) 38.0(35.8~40.2) 1.6(1.1~2.1)
二手烟暴露[%(95%CI)]

61.7(60.2~63.2) 60.9(58.7~63.1) 62.3(60.3~64.3)

38.3(36.8~39.8) 39.1(36.9~41.3) 37.7(35.7~39.7)
家庭二手烟a[%(95%CI)]

0

66.4(65.0~67.9) 81.2(79.4~82.9) 53.8(51.8~55.9)

1

27.8(26.4~29.2) 14.9(13.3~16.5) 38.8(36.7~40.8)

≥2

5.8(5.1~6.5) 3.9(3.0~4.8) 7.4(6.3~8.5)
工作二手烟b[%(95%CI)]

0

55.0(53.4~56.5) 46.0(43.8~48.3) 62.6(60.6~64.6)

1

4.2(3.5~4.8) 4.4(3.5~5.3) 3.9(3.1~4.7)

≥2

40.9(39.4~42.4) 46.9(47.3~51.8) 33.5(31.5~35.5)
接触油烟[%(95%CI)] 86.1(85.0~87.1) 78.5(76.6~80.3) 92.6(91.5~93.7)
接触煤燃料[%(95%CI)] 13.8(12.8~14.9) 14.2(12.6~15.8) 13.5(12.1~15.0)
接触粉尘[%(95%CI)] 26.6(25.2~27.9) 32.5(30.4~34.6) 21.5(19.8~23.2)
工作性质[%(95%CI)]

无业

5.0(4.4~5.7) 3.6(2.7~4.4) 6.3(5.3~7.3)

务农

2.9(2.3~3.4) 1.9(1.3~2.5) 3.7(2.9~4.4)

技术

37.1(35.6~38.6) 43.8(41.6~46.0) 31.4(29.5~33.3)

管理

19.6(18.3~20.8) 23.1(21.2~25.0) 16.6(15.0~18.1)

服务

17.1(16.0~18.3) 12.0(10.5~13.5) 21.5(19.8~23.2)

其他

18.3(17.1~19.5) 15.7(14.1~17.3) 20.6(18.9~22.3)
收入c[%(95%CI)]

低等

4.2(3.6~4.8) 3.0(2.2~3.8) 5.2(4.3~6.1)

中等

64.9(63.5~66.7) 55.9(53.6~58.1) 72.7(70.8~74.5)

高等

30.9(29.4~32.3) 41.1(38.9~43.3) 22.2(20.4~23.9)
表2 不同环境暴露状态的北京市石景山区10家社区居民慢阻肺患病率情况[%(95%CI)]
表3 不同环境暴露状态的北京市石景山区10家社区非吸烟人群的慢阻肺患病率情况[%(95%CI)]
表4 北京市石景山区10家社区居民吸烟、二手烟暴露与慢阻肺症状及肺功能的关系
症状 吸烟状态 统计值 P 二手烟暴露 统计值 P
从不吸烟 曾经吸烟 现在吸烟
咳嗽[例(%,95%CI)] χ2=13.944 0.007 χ2=2.961 0.227

从不

96(51.1,43.9~58.3) 33(33.3,23.9~42.8) 43(33.3,25.1~41.6) 109(39.6,33.8~45.5) 63(44.7,36.4~53.0)

有时

78(41.5,34.4~48.6) 53(53.5,43.5~63.5) 72(55.8,47.1~64.5) 142(51.6,45.7~57.6) 61(43.3,35.0~51.5)

经常

14(7.4,3.7~11.2) 13(13.1,6.4~19.9) 14(10.9,5.4~16.3) 24(8.7,5.4~12.1) 17(12.1,6.6~17.5)
咳痰[例(%,95%CI)] χ2=14.374 0.006 χ2=1.856 0.395

从不

102(54.3,47.1~67.4) 39(39.4,29.6~49.2) 48(37.2,28.8~45.7) 125(45.5,39.5~51.4) 64(45.4,37.1~53.7)

有时

77(41.0,33.9~48.1) 47(47.5,37.5~57.5) 69(53.5,48.8~62.2) 131(47.6,41.7~53.6) 62(44.0,35.7~52.3)

经常

9(4.8,1.7~7.9) 13(13.1,6.4~19.9) 12(9.3,4.2~14.4) 19(6.9,3.9~9.9) 15(10.6,5.5~15.8)
喘息[例(%,95%CI)] χ2=9.600 0.048 χ2=4.265 0.119

从不

102(54.3,47.1~61.4) 41(41.4,31.5~51.3) 74(57.4,48.7~66.0) 144(52.4,6.4~58.3) 73(51.8,43.4~60.1)

有时

73(38.8,31.8~45.9) 43(43.4,33.5~53.4) 46(35.7,27.3~44.0) 112(40.7,34.9~46.6) 50(35.5,27.5~43.5)

经常

13(6.9,3.3~10.6) 15(15.2,8.0~22.3) 9(7.0,2.5~11.4) 19(6.9,3.9~9.9) 18(12.8,7.2~18.3)
气短[例(%,95%CI)] χ2=18.806 0.001 χ2=3.609 0.165

从不

79(42.0,34.9~49.1) 23(23.2,14.8~31.7) 58(45.0,36.3~53.7) 99(36.0,30.3~41.7) 61(43.3,35.0~51.5)

有时

92(48.9,41.7~56.1) 55(55.6,45.6~65.5) 60(46.5,37.8~55.2) 146(53.1,47.2~59.0) 61(43.3,35.0~51.5)

经常

17(9.0,4.9~13.2) 21(21.2,13.0~29.4) 11(8.5,3.6~13.4) 30(10.9,6.9~14.1) 19(13.5,7.8~19.2)
疲劳[例(%,95%CI)] χ2=12.668 0.013 χ2=5.065 0.079

从不

91(48.4,41.2~55.6) 32(32.3,22.9~41.7) 71(55.0,46.3~63.7) 127(46.2,40.3~52.1) 67(47.5 39.2~55.9)

有时

82(43.6,36.5~50.8) 55(55.6,45.6~65.5) 46(35.7,27.3~44.0) 128(46.5,40.6~52.5) 55(39.0,30.9~47.2)

经常

15(8.0,4.1~11.9) 12(12.1,5.6~18.7) 12(9.3,4.2~14.4) 20(7.3,4.2~10.4) 19(13.5,7.8~19.2)
FEV1(ml,
x¯
±s

用药前

2.12±0.69 1.99±0.69 1.75±0.57 F=13.245 <0.001 1.84±0.69 1.92±0.64 t=0.409 0.683

用药后

2.23±0.68 2.08±0.72 1.85±0.57 F=14.335 <0.001 2.05±0.71 2.02±0.64 t=0.332 0.740
FVC(ml,
x¯
±s

用药前

3.08±0.83 3.03±0.89 2.61±0.76 F=21.150 <0.001 2.92±0.89 2.87±0.83 t=0.636 0.525

用药后

3.33±0.83 3.16±0.88 2.72±0.77 F=23.150 <0.001 3.05±0.90 2.99±0.93 t=0.611 0.542
用药后FEV1/FVC(%) 68.07±7.69 65.31±8.48 62.39±8.91 F=3.974 0.020 67.03±7.91 66.63±9.11 t=0.470 0.638
表5 北京市石景山区10家社区居民慢阻肺患者GOLD分级情况
表6 北京市石景山区10家社区居民吸烟、二手烟暴露与慢阻肺严重程度分层的关系[例(%,95%CI)]
表7 不同性别吸烟、二手烟暴露对慢阻肺患病影响的多因素Logistic回归分析
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