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中华临床医师杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (09) : 675 -681. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2025.09.006

临床研究

维持性血液透析患者感染与心脑血管死亡风险的比较及联合预测模型构建
王超1, 张晓会2, 李晓帆1, 赵海丹1,()   
  1. 1 100041 北京,北京大学首钢医院肾内科
    2 300381 天津,天津中医药大学第一附属医院 国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心营养科
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09 出版日期:2025-09-30
  • 通信作者: 赵海丹

Cause-specific mortality risk stratification in maintenance hemodialysis: a comparative analysis of infection-related versus cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death

Chao Wang1, Xiaohui Zhang2, Xiaofan Li1, Haidan Zhao1,()   

  1. 1 Department of Nephrology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100041, China
    2 Department of Nutrition, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
  • Received:2025-09-09 Published:2025-09-30
  • Corresponding author: Haidan Zhao
引用本文:

王超, 张晓会, 李晓帆, 赵海丹. 维持性血液透析患者感染与心脑血管死亡风险的比较及联合预测模型构建[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(09): 675-681.

Chao Wang, Xiaohui Zhang, Xiaofan Li, Haidan Zhao. Cause-specific mortality risk stratification in maintenance hemodialysis: a comparative analysis of infection-related versus cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(09): 675-681.

目的

比较维持性血液透析(MHD)患者感染与心脑血管死亡的危险因素差异,并构建死因特异性联合预测模型,为临床精准干预提供依据。

方法

回顾性纳入2020年1月~2025年7月北京大学首钢医院住院期间死亡的164例MHD患者,按死因分为感染组(n=56)与心脑血管组(n=108)。收集性别、年龄、透析龄、血红蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、C反应蛋白(CRP)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、透析充分性(kt/v)等指标。采用Logistic回归分析两类死亡的独立危险因素;联合性别、kt/v、PTH、β2-MG及CRP构建预测模型,绘制列线图,并用ROC曲线评价模型效能。

结果

在164例患者中,感染死亡56例,心脑血管死亡108例。2组在性别及炎症指标上差异显著:女性占比在心脑血管组更高(48.15% vs 28.57%,P=0.016),而感染组CRP水平显著升高[(116.5±113.3)vs(76.4±71.8)mg/L,P=0.006]。多因素分析显示:女性(OR=0.20,95%CI:0.08~0.52)、CRP升高(OR=1.006,95%CI:1.001~1.010)、kt/v<1.2(OR=12.71,95%CI:1.58~102.38)与感染死亡独立相关;女性(OR=4.95,95%CI:1.93~12.69)、kt/v下降(OR=0.92/0.1)、PTH升高(OR=1.004/10 pg/ml)、β2-MG(OR=1.047/1 mg/L)及CRP降低(OR=0.994/1 mg/L)与心脑血管死亡独立相关。联合模型对心脑血管死亡AUC=0.757(95%CI:0.674~0.839),决策曲线提示模型区分度与临床净获益均良好。

结论

MHD患者感染与心脑血管死亡的危险因素存在性别、炎症、骨代谢及透析充分性差异。所构建的死因特异性联合模型具有良好的预测性能,可用于个体化风险分层与早期干预。

Background

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is the principal renal-replacement modality for end-stage renal disease in China, yet mortality remains high and heterogeneous. We aimed to delineate differential risk factors for infection-related versus cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death and to develop cause-specific prediction tools.

Methods

In this single-centre retrospective cohort, 164 MHD inpatients who died between 2020 and 2025 in Peking University Shougang Hospital were stratified into either an infection death group (n = 56) or a cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death group (n =108). Demographics, laboratory indicators, (ALB, PA, CRP, PTH, and β2-microglobulin), and dialysis adequacy (kt/v) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors, and a joint nomogram incorporating gender, kt/v, PTH, β2-microglobulin, and CRP was constructed. Model performance was evaluated by ROC, calibration, and decision-curve analyses.

Results

Among the 164 patients included, infection death (n=56) and cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death (n=108) differed significantly: females were more prevalent in the cardiovascular death group (48% vs 29%; P=0.016), while CRP levels were higher in the infection death group [(116.5±113.3 vs 76.4±71.8) mg/L; P=0.006]. Multivariable logistic regression showed that infection death was independently associated with female gender (odds ratio [OR]=0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08~0.52), CRP elevation (OR=1.006 per 1 mg/L), kt/v < 1.2 (OR=12.71), and lower PTH (OR = 0.996 per 10 pg/ml). Cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death was driven by female gender (OR=4.95, 95%CI: 1.93~12.69), reduced kt/v (OR = 0.92 per 0.1 increment), elevated PTH (OR = 1.004 per 10 pg/ml), elevated β2-microglobulin (OR=1.047 per 1 mg/L), and lower CRP (OR = 0.994 per 1 mg/L). The joint model achieved an area under the ROC curve  of 0.757 for cardiovascular-cerebrovascular death, with good net clinical benefit across 10~70% risk thresholds.

Conclusion

MHD patients exhibit distinct risk profiles for infection versus cardiovascular -cerebrovascular mortality. The validated cause-specific nomogram enables rapid, individualized risk stratification and targeted preventive strategies.

表1 维持性血液透析患者不同死因的基线特征比较(n=164)
表2 维持性血液透析患者感染死亡的多因素Logistic回归分析
表3 维持性血液透析患者心脑血管死亡的多因素Logistic回归分析
图1 心脑血管死亡预测模型中各单项指标及联合模型的ROC曲线图 注:KT/V为透析充分性;PTH为甲状旁腺激素;β2MB为β2微球蛋白;CRP为C反应蛋白
图2 因心脑血管疾病死亡的危险因素的列线图 注:kt/v为透析充分性;PTH为甲状旁腺激素;β2MB为β2微球蛋白;CRP为C反应蛋白
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