急性肾损伤（AKI）是由不同原因引起肾脏滤过功能短期内急性减退或丧失导致的临床综合征，是影响人类健康的重要疾病。近年来，AKI的发病率和死亡率都持续上升。国内外学者对AKI的流行病学做了很多研究，但由于各研究采用的诊断标准、诊断指标、患者人群、地域和观察时点等的不同，导致统计数据的差异较大。在早期，中国的AKI流行病学调查研究较少，且多为单中心、小样本研究数据，报道的发病率明显低于发达国家。近几年来，我国在住院患者和重症监护治疗病房重症患者AKI流行病学研究方面均取得了较大进展。本文对国内外各个临床背景下的AKI流行病学研究现状进行综述，旨在介绍AKI的发病情况和严重程度，以及近几年来我国学者对AKI流行病学的研究成果。

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome with an acute decline or loss of glomerular filtration function caused by different reasons. It is an important disease affecting human health. In recent years, the incidence and mortality of AKI are rising continuously. Researchers both in China and other countries have performed many studies on the epidemiology of AKI. However, due to the difference in diagnostic criteria, diagnostic indicators, patient population, geographical location, and observation timing, the obtained data are quite different. In the early years, there were few studies on AKI epidemiology in China, and many of them reported single-center and small-sample data. The reported incidence of AKI is significantly lower than that in developed countries. In recent years, great progress has been made in the epidemiological research of AKI in inpatients and ICU patients. In this article, we review the current status of epidemiology of AKI in various clinical settings, aiming to explore its incidence and severity.