Oncology professional degree postgraduate education is an important part of oncologist training, but the development level of oncology professional degree postgraduate education in China varies across different regions, and there is no widely accepted unified training mode. This paper introduces the competency-based training mode for oncology graduate students in Peking University from five aspects: training objectives, training process, curriculum system, teaching content and teaching methods, and student assessment. We suggest to attach importance to the systematisms and standardization of the training process, strengthen the training of clinical ability, and reasonably handle the relationship between clinical practice and scientific research. This paper aims to explore a more scientific and reasonable training mode for oncology professional degree postgraduates, and promote the continuous improvement of oncology personnel training system in China.