Kidney stones are a common urological condition, with calcium oxalate stones accounting for more than 75% of cases. Their pathogenesis is closely associated with metabolic imbalance in the body. The gut-kidney axis, as a key pathway for material exchange and signal transmission between the intestine and the kidney, plays a central role in regulating renal calcium metabolism, oxidative stress, and crystal adhesion. However, the regulatory function of the gut-kidney axis does not operate independently; rather, it relies on the synergistic effect of various active substances, among which fat-soluble vitamins are key regulatory factors. Fat-soluble vitamins can directly regulate the intestinal absorption efficiency of stone-related substances such as calcium and oxalic acid. They can also indirectly interfere with kidney stone formation by affecting renal oxidative stress levels, the activity of ion transporters, and the function of vitamin-dependent proteins, thus serving as an important link connecting the gut-kidney axis to the pathogenesis of kidney stones. This article systematically reviews the metabolic characteristics of four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), their roles in the "intestinal absorption-material transport-renal effect" process via the gut-kidney axis, and the mechanisms by which they regulate kidney stone formation. In addition, it highlights the limitations of current research and suggests future research directions, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and precise intervention of kidney stones.