Aplastic anemia (AA) is an immune-mediated hematopoietic failure disease, characterized by pancytopenia in peripheral blood and hypocellular bone marrow without abnormal hyperplasia or fibrosis. Its main clinical manifestations are anemia, bleeding, and infection, and both its incidence and mortality rates are notably high. Investigating the pathogenesis of AA is therefore crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets at diagnosis or after treatment. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology overcomes the limitation of traditional sequencing, which captures only average transcriptional levels acorss cell populations, by enabling precise transcriptome profiling at single-cell resolution. In contrast to conventional detection methods, scRNA-seq can assess heterogeneity within cell populations and construct gene expression maps for individual cells, thereby helping to elucidate the complex molecular networks underlying intercellular crosstalk. Considering the strengths and limitations of commonly used scRNA-seq platforms, this article reviews the applications of scRNA-seq technology in studying AA.