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中华临床医师杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (01) : 28 -34. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2026.01.005

临床研究

未预置支架上段结石患者困难输尿管的预测因子分析与模型构建
倪颖1, 张铁龙1, 王岗1, 高玉龙1, 陈韶鹏1, 倪家璇2,()   
  1. 1 224700 江苏盐城,扬州大学建湖临床医学院泌尿外科
    2 225001 江苏扬州,扬州大学附属苏北人民医院泌尿外科
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-27 出版日期:2026-01-30
  • 通信作者: 倪家璇
  • 基金资助:
    盐城市卫生健康委科研项目(YK2023124)

Predictors and a prediction model for difficult ureter in proximal ureteral calculi patients without pre-set stents

Ying Ni1, Tielong Zhang1, Gang Wang1, Yulong Gao1, Shaopeng Chen1, Jiaxuan Ni2,()   

  1. 1 Department of Urology, Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng 224700, China
    2 Department of Urology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
  • Received:2025-11-27 Published:2026-01-30
  • Corresponding author: Jiaxuan Ni
引用本文:

倪颖, 张铁龙, 王岗, 高玉龙, 陈韶鹏, 倪家璇. 未预置支架上段结石患者困难输尿管的预测因子分析与模型构建[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(01): 28-34.

Ying Ni, Tielong Zhang, Gang Wang, Yulong Gao, Shaopeng Chen, Jiaxuan Ni. Predictors and a prediction model for difficult ureter in proximal ureteral calculi patients without pre-set stents[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(01): 28-34.

目的

探讨未预置输尿管支架的上段结石患者在接受8/9.8 Fr半刚性输尿管镜(sURS)逆行手术时遭遇入镜困难(即困难输尿管,DU)的独立预测因子,并构建预测模型。

方法

回顾性分析2023年7月至2025年6月扬州大学建湖临床医学院154例上段结石患者资料,根据8/9.8Fr sURS能否在无辅助措施下成功进入输尿管并上行至髂血管水平以上,分为DU组(44例)与非DU组(110例)。收集临床及术前CT影像学参数,通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选独立预测因子并建立模型,采用Bootstrap法进行内部验证。

结果

多因素分析识别出4个DU的独立预测因子:结石前后径(OR=0.737)、肾门处积水宽度与结石最小径之比(OR=1.212)、与对侧比较的肾实质CT值差(OR=1.069)、治疗侧肾厚径(OR=0.942)。基于此构建的预测模型区分度良好(AUC=0.756,95%CI:0.677~0.835)。校准度佳(H-L检验P=0.113)。Bootstrap内部验证(1000次)显示模型参数稳定,校正后AUC为0.74。

结论

本研究建立的预测模型具有良好的判别能力和稳定性,有助于术前识别DU高风险患者,从而优化手术预案(如预置输尿管支架),降低Ⅰ期手术失败风险。

Objective

To develop and validate a predictive model for difficult ureter (DU), defined as the failure to advance an 8/9.8 Fr semi-rigid ureteroscope (sURS) retrogradely without auxiliary measures above the iliac vessel level, in patients with proximal ureteral stones without pre-stenting.

Methods

A retrospective single-center study was conducted to include 154 patients with proximal ureteral stones from July 2023 to June 2025at the Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University. Patients were stratified into DU (n=44) and non-DU (n=110) groups according to the aforementioned definition. Clinical and pre-operative CT parameters were analyzed. Independent predictors were identified via univariate and multivariate logistic regression to build a predictive model, which was then internally validated using Bootstrap resampling (1000 iterations).

Results

Four independent predictors were identified: stone anteroposterior diameter (odds ratio [OR]=0.737), the ratio of hydronephrosis width at the renal hilum to minimum stone diameter (OR=1.212), the difference in renal parenchyma CT value compared to the contralateral side (OR=1.069), and the thickness of the treated kidney (OR=0.942). The developed predictive model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]=0.756; 95% confidence interval: 0.677~0.835) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P=0.113). Bootstrap validation confirmed parameter stability, yielding an optimism-corrected AUC of 0.74.

Conclusion

The predictive model developed in this study shows robust discriminative ability and stability. It can facilitate pre-operative identification of high-risk DU patients, optimizing surgical planning (e.g., preoperative stenting) to improve procedural efficacy and safety.

图1 Wolf 8/9.8 sURS实物测量。图a为测量位置A与B;图b为A位置镜体外径4.0 mm;图c为B位置镜体外径4.3 mm
表1 2组患者临床资料单因素分析结果
项目 非DU组(n=110) DU组(n=44) χ2/t/Z P
性别[例(%)] χ2=0.491 0.484
男性 71 31
女性 39 13
年龄(岁,
±s
54.21±12.59 53.52±12.26 t=0.308 0.759
BMI(kg/m2
±s
25.38±3.48 24.59±3.68 t=1.24 0.217
侧别[例(%)] χ2=1.899 0.168
左侧 54(49.09) 27(61.36)
右侧 56(50.91) 17(38.64)
病程少于1周[例(%)] χ2=0.261 0.61
50(45.45) 22(50.00)
60(54.55) 22(50.00)
ESWL治疗史[例(%)] χ2=0.647 0.421
21(19.09) 6(13.64)
89(80.91) 38(86.36)
主要结石位置[例(%)] χ2=1.005 0.316
输尿管近端 72(65.45) 25(56.82)
髂血管分叉 38(34.55) 19(43.18)
主要结石
前后径[mm,MP25P75)] 7.55(5.96,9.27) 6.14(4.82,8.17) Z=-3.144 0.002
左右径[mm,MP25P75)] 6.30(4.98,8.57) 5.25(3.98,6.91) Z=-2.386 0.017
上下径(mm,
±s
13.46±6.29 10.98±5.61 t=2.283 0.024
体积[mm3MP25P75)] 313.29(151.54,584.86) 156.21(76.62,357.67) Z=-3.08 0.002
结石中心CT值[HU,
±s
778.75±308.74 723.86±387.07 t=0.925 0.357
肾门处积水宽度(mm,
±s
18.07±10.32 20.21±13.92 t=-1.05 0.295
积水宽度与结石最小径之比(
±s
3.00±1.93 4.44±4.01 t=-2.276 0.027
尿外渗[例(%)] χ2=0.011 0.916
有周边渗出与蔓延 69(62.73) 28(63.64)
无渗出 41(37.27) 16(36.36)
治疗侧肾实质CT值[HU,MP25P75)] 32.88(30.00,38.48) 35.49(32.60,37.78) Z=-1.334 0.182
治疗侧肾厚径(mm,
±s
61.50±11.13 56.91±8.88 t=2.44 0.016
与对侧比较的
肾实质CT值差[HU,
±s
-3.53±6.91 -1.20±5.75 t=-1.975 0.05
肾厚径差(mm,
±s
7.38±11.81 3.42±10.53 t=1.939 0.054
表2 预测DU的多因素Logistic回归分析(向前LR法)
图2 预测模型受试者工作特征曲线
表3 预测模型参数的Bootstrap内部验证结果(1000次重抽样)
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