Progress in application of pulmonary ultrasound in phenotype identification of acute respiratory distress syndrome

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2024.12.013

Abstract

Abstract:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents a crucial disease within the domain of critical care medicine, featuring a relatively high incidence and mortality rate among the population.Subsequent to the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 epidemic, extensive research on ARDS has been carried out. Despite the advancement in the understanding of this disease, numerous clinical studies on the treatment of ARDS have failed to achieve the anticipated success. This is due to the heterogeneity of ARDS in multiple aspects, this is, it has different phenotypes, which renders single, standardized treatments ineffective in improving the prognosis for all patients. Therefore, if the phenotypes of ARDS can be identified rapidly and accurately, and patients are subdivided into more homogeneous subgroups based on the different phenotypes followed by precise and individualized treatment, favorable feedback should be achievable. Lung ultrasound(LUS) has been widely applied in the diagnosis and treatment of ARDS patients, providing a potent tool for the identification of ARDS phenotypes. This paper aims to expound on the application progress of pulmonary ultrasound in the identification of ARDS phenotypes, assisting clinicians in formulating individualized treatment plans and enhancing patient prognosis.

Key words: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Phenotype, Lung ultrasound, Clinical application

Xiang Wang, Huibin Feng. Progress in application of pulmonary ultrasound in phenotype identification of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(12): 1155-1160.

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References 41

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表型	分类依据	差异
病因表型	发病诱因：直接肺损伤：肺炎、肺挫伤、误吸等；间接肺损伤：输血、非肺脓毒症、非胸部创伤等	肺泡塌陷程度、细胞损伤部位等
严重程度表型	柏林定义中ARDS 患者病情严重程度：轻度：200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg；中度：100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg重度：PaO₂/FiO₂≤100 mmHg	缺氧及肺泡损伤程度
炎症表型	炎症反应严重程度	血浆炎症生物标志物浓度
影像学表型	肺部CT 影像学特征	病变累及部位的肺内分布

表型	分类依据	差异
病因表型	发病诱因：直接肺损伤：肺炎、肺挫伤、误吸等；间接肺损伤：输血、非肺脓毒症、非胸部创伤等	肺泡塌陷程度、细胞损伤部位等
严重程度表型	柏林定义中ARDS 患者病情严重程度：轻度：200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg；中度：100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg重度：PaO₂/FiO₂≤100 mmHg	缺氧及肺泡损伤程度
炎症表型	炎症反应严重程度	血浆炎症生物标志物浓度
影像学表型	肺部CT 影像学特征	病变累及部位的肺内分布

指标	柏林定义	全球新定义
发病时间	一周内新发或已知的呼吸道症状加重	未作明确改变，但纳入了无需插管的HFNO 患者
病情严重程度	轻度：200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg；中度：100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg；重度：PaO₂/FiO₂≤100 mmHg	轻度：200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg 或235＜SpO₂/FiO₂≤315（SpO₂≤97%）；中度：100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg 或148＜SpO₂/FiO₂≤235（SpO₂≤97%）；重度：PaO₂/FiO₂≤100 mmHg 或SpO₂/FiO₂≤148（SpO₂≤97%）
影像学	胸片和（或）胸部CT 提示双侧肺浸润	胸片、胸部CT 或超声提示双侧肺浸润

指标	柏林定义	全球新定义
发病时间	一周内新发或已知的呼吸道症状加重	未作明确改变，但纳入了无需插管的HFNO 患者
病情严重程度	轻度：200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg；中度：100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg；重度：PaO₂/FiO₂≤100 mmHg	轻度：200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg 或235＜SpO₂/FiO₂≤315（SpO₂≤97%）；中度：100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg 或148＜SpO₂/FiO₂≤235（SpO₂≤97%）；重度：PaO₂/FiO₂≤100 mmHg 或SpO₂/FiO₂≤148（SpO₂≤97%）
影像学	胸片和（或）胸部CT 提示双侧肺浸润	胸片、胸部CT 或超声提示双侧肺浸润

分数	超声征象
0 分	有A 线或＜ 3 个孤立B 线
1 分	多条边界清楚（≥ 3 条）的B 线
2 分	有互相融合的多发B 线
3 分	出现肺实变和（或）胸腔积液

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