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Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (02): 129-139. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2025.02.005

• Clinical Research • Previous Articles    

Development of a risk assessment model for acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients based on automated machine learning

Jian Chen1, Kaijian Xia2, Lu Xu3, Fuli Gao1, Xiaodan Xu1, Ganhong Wang3,()   

  1. 1. Department of Gastroenterology, Changshu First People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, China
    2. Department of Information Engineering, Changshu Key Laboratory of Medical Artificial Intelligence and Big Data,Changshu City, Changshu 215500, China
    3. Department of Gastroenterology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu 215500, China
  • Received:2025-01-20 Online:2025-02-15 Published:2025-06-16
  • Contact: Ganhong Wang

Abstract:

Objective

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe and common complication in patients with cirrhosis. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for cirrhosis-related AKI using automated machine learning (AutoML).

Methods

The data of patients hospitalized for cirrhosis were retrospectively collected from a hospital. The patients were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups. A total of 22 potential predictive variables were included to construct and internally validate LASSO regression and AutoML models. Model performance was evaluated using metrics such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to select the best-performing model. Feature importance analysis, SHAP scatter plots, and force plots were used for visual interpretation of the model. Finally, the best model was developed into an online application using the Python-Streamlit framework and externally validated on an independent test set from another hospital.

Results

A total of 559 cirrhotic patients were included, among whom 159 (28.44%) developed AKI. In the validation set, the GBM model outperformed the LASSO regression model and other AutoML models, achieving an AUC of 0.93 (95%confidence interval: 0.86~0.99). In the test set, the GBM model achieved an accuracy of 89.60%, sensitivity of 80.00%, specificity of 93.33%, and AUC of 0.91 (95%CI: 0.83~0.97). Variable importance analysis revealed that β2-microglobulin, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, portal vein diameter,prothrombin activity, and MELD score were the seven key factors influencing the prediction of AKI in cirrhotic patients. SHAP scatter plots and force plots visually demonstrated the impact of these key variables on AKI prediction.

Conclusion

The predictive model developed using AutoML demonstrated excellent predictive performance and user-friendly convenience in the early prediction of AKI risk in cirrhotic patients.

Key words: Cirrhosis, Acute kidney injury, Automated machine learning

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