Progress in research of the glymphatic system of the brain

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2021.01.010

Abstract

Abstract:

Traditionally, peripheral organs have been thought to maintain homeostasis by clearing excess fluid and metabolites from the lymphatic circulation, but the brain has no similar structure. In recent years, it has been found that a lymphatic system in the brain plays a similar role. In this paper, we describe the structure, function, and influencing factors of the lymphatic system, and review the progress in the research of the lymphatic system in related brain diseases.

Key words: Glymphatic, Aquaporins4, Cerebral disease

Yifei Yang, Hao Li. Progress in research of the glymphatic system of the brain[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2021, 15(01): 52-56.

/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://zhlcyszz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2021.01.010

https://zhlcyszz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/Y2021/V15/I01/52

Figures/Tables 3

References 33

1	Liao S, Padera TP. Lymphatic function and immune regulation in health and disease [J]. Lymphat Res Biol, 2013, 11(3): 136-143.
2	Wang Z, Ying Z, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Evaluation of specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues: comparison between nonobese and obese women [J]. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2012, 20(1): 95-100.
3	Rasmussen MK, Mestre H, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders [J]. Lancet Neurol, 2018, 17(11): 1016-1024.
4	Mahringer A, Fricker G. ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier [J]. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2016, 12(5): 499-508.
5	Wright BL, Lai JT, Sinclair AJ. Cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture: a practical review [J]. J Neurol, 2012, 259(8): 1530-1545.
6	Secker GA, Harvey NL. VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels [J]. Dev Dyn, 2015, 244(3): 323-331.
7	Oresković D, Klarica M. The formation of cerebrospinal fluid: nearly a hundred years of interpretations and misinterpretations [J]. Brain Res Rev, 2010, 64(2): 241-262.
8	Praetorius J. Water and solute secretion by the choroid plexus [J]. Pflugers Arch, 2007, 454(1): 1-18.
9	Damkier HH, Brown PD, Praetorius J. Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus [J]. Physiol Rev, 2013, 93(4): 1847-1892.
10	Sakka L, Coll G, Chazal J. Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid [J]. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 2011, 128(6): 309-316.
11	Variend S. Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Brain Edemas [J]. Neuroscience, 1988, 28(2): 516.
12	Cserr HF, Cooper DN, Suri PK, et al. Efflux of radiolabeled polyethylene glycols and albumin from rat brain [J]. Am J Physiol, 1981, 240(4): F319-F328.
13	Pollay M. Overview of the CSF dual outflow system [J]. Acta Neurochir Suppl, 2012, 113(113): 47-50.
14	Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β [J]. Sci Transl Med, 2012, 4(147): 147ra111.
15	Tarasoff-Conway JM, Carare RO, Osorio RS, et al. Clearance systems in the brain-implications for Alzheimer disease [J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2016, 12(4): 457-470.
16	Wolak DJ , Thorne RG. Diffusion of macromolecules in the brain: implications for drug delivery [J]. Mol Pharm, 2013, 10(5): 1492-1504.
17	Thrane AS, Rangroo Thrane V, Nedergaard M. Drowning stars: reassessing the role of astrocytes in brain edema [J]. Trends in Neuroences, 2014, 37(11): 620-628.
18	Heling C, Chuyi H, Hongyan D, et al. Aquaporin-4 and cerebrovascular diseases [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2016, 17(8): 331-339.
19	Nielsen S, Smith BL, Agre CP. Distribution of the aquaporin CHIP in secretory and resorptive epithelia and capillary endothelia [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993, 90(15): 7275-7279.
20	Jessen NA, Munk ASF, Lundgaard I, et al. The Glymphatic system: a beginner's guide [J]. Neurochem Res, 2015, 40(12): 2583-2599.
21	Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: evaluation of the evidence [J]. Fluids Barriers CNS, 2014, 11(1): 26.
22	Murtha LA, Yang Q, Parsons MW, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid is drained primarily via the spinal canal and olfactory route in young and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats [J]. Fluids Barriers CNS, 2014, 11(1): 12.
23	Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain [J]. Science, 2013, 342(6156): 373-377.
24	Ma Q, Ineichen BV, Detmar M, et al. Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice [J]. Nat Commun, 2017, 8(1): 1434.
25	Kiviniemi V, Wang X, Korhonen V, et al. Ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity-glymphatic pulsation mechanisms? [J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2016, 36(6): 1033-1045.
26	Zeppenfeld DM, Simon M, Haswell JD, et al. Association of perivascular localization of aquaporin-4 with cognition and Alzheimer disease in aging brains [J]. JAMA Neurol, 2017, 74(1): 91-99.
27	Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM. Blood-brain barrier: ageing and microvascular disease—systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2009, 30(3): 337-352.
28	Kress BT, Iliff JJ, Xia M, et al. Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain [J]. Ann Neurol, 2014, 76(6): 845-861.
29	Verheggen ICM , Van Boxtel MPJ, Verhey FRJ, et al. Interaction between blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system in solute clearance [J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2018, 90(1): 26-33.
30	Rama Rao KV, Verkman AS, Curtis KM, et al. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces encephalopathy and brain edema in experimental acute liver failure [J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2014, 63(1): 222-228.
31	Wang WW, Xie CL, Zhou LL, et al. The function of aquaporin4 in ischemic brain edema [J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2014, 127(1): 5-9.
32	Assentoft M, Larsen BR, Macaulay N. Regulation and function of AQP4 in the central nervous system [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2015, 40(12): 2615-2627.
33	Yang W, Wu Q, Yuan C, et al. Aquaporin-4 mediates astrocyte response to β-amyloid [J]. Mol Cell Neurosci, 2012, 49(4): 406-414.

[1]	Zhiqiang Zhang, Fei Li, Quanle Zheng, Zhenfang Wang, Wenjin Chen, Kai Sun, Guohua Wu, Chunhu Li, Chao Xu, Qiusheng Dai, Lihua Chen, Ruxiang Xu. 16-slice mobile CT low-dose scanning imaging of children's head and risks control of radiation injury [J]. Chinese Journal of Neurotraumatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2022, 08(05): 282-286.
[2]	Zheng Wang, Chunhui He, Yong Luo, Wenchai Jia, Chunyan Zhong, Xiaoyan Zhang. Early cardiac function of intensive care unit patients with early stage acute cerebral disease [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2022, 16(12): 1211-1216.
[3]	Zheng Wang, Chunhui He, Yong Luo, Wenchai Jia, Chunyan Zhong, Xiaoyan Zhang. Clinical significance of extravascular lung water index in patients with acute cerebral disease in ICU [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians(Electronic Edition), 2021, 15(01): 26-31.
[4]	Yu Tian, Yilong Wang. The role of glymphatic system in cerebral small vessel disease [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2021, 15(04): 200-204.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export