Osteosarcopenia is defined as the coexistence of osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia, characterized by concurrent declines in bone mass, muscle mass, and muscle strength. This synergistic condition contributes to functional impairment and adverse outcomes including fatigue, falls, and fractures, and substantially diminishes the health and quality of life of older adults. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia is notably high in the elderly population, with a global estimate of 18.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.7~20.3%) and a Chinese prevalence of 19.8% (95%CI: 6.5~33.0%). Osteosarcopenia significantly increases the risk of fractures (hazard ratio [HR]=2.13), falls (HR=1.54), and death (HR=1.75) in patients, and is associated with many chronic diseases, imposing a substantial medical, social, and economic burden. Currently, no single screening tool exists for osteosarcopenia; therefore, detection typically requires a combination of sarcopenia-specific instruments (e.g., the SARC-CalF questionnaire) and osteoporosis risk assessment tools (e.g., FRAX®). In terms of systematic management, the primary therapeutic goals are to improve muscle mass and strength, enhance balance and mobility, increase bone density, prevent falls and fractures, and maintain overall quality of life. At present, prevention and treatment rely mainly on nutritional support and exercise interventions, as pharmacological options remain limited. Further research is urgently needed to develop safe and effective pharmacotherapies capable of improving muscle capacity and strength in this population.